Where chemical engineering meets materials science
PUBLICATIONS
Journal Publications
97. Amrithraj, B.*, Grindal, A.*, Azimi, G.*, “Evaluating the Influence of Graphitic Cathode Morphology on the Mechanisms and Performance of Aluminum-Ion Batteries in AlCl3/EMIMCl Electrolyte (r=1.3),” Electrochimica Acta, 145612, (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2024.145612 
96. Paeng, J.*, Azimi, G., “Technoeconomic Analysis of the Electrorefining Process for Copper and Carbon Removal from Scrap Steel for Green Steelmaking,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.4c02665
95. Ding, L.*, Azimi, G., “Adsorption mechanism of neodymium onto a South American ion-adsorption clay and its associated minerals (goethite and silicon dioxide),” The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 1, (2024). . https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.25570
94. Azimi, G., “Technological Advancements in Rare Earth Elements Recovery from Ionic Clays: A Comprehensive Review,” Hydrometallurgy, 231, 106414 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106414
93. Li, S.*, Sauber, M.E., Etherington-Rivas, M.*, Azimi, G., “Optimization of Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Complex Ores Using a Tributyl Phosphate-Nitric Acid Adduct,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 12, 17098–17116 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c04103
92. Grindal, A.*, Azimi, G., “Advancing aluminum-ion batteries: unraveling the charge storage mechanisms of cobalt sulfide cathodes,” Scientific Reports, 14, 28468 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-78437-9
91. Saadat, N., Dias, O. T., Ng, K. L.*, Chan, K.*, Jaffer, S., Azimi, G., Oksman, K., Sain, M., “2D-3D electron transfer functions and stability of sustainable graphitic biocarbon for bipolar plate application,” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 72, 104024 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2024.104024
90. Azimi, G., Mosadeghsedghi, S., Dashtban Kenari, L., Baghbanzadeh, M., Volchek, K., “Class II (three-layer system) phenomenological model based on limiting current density and dynamic chelation chemistry for separation of rare earth elements using electrodialysis,” Scientific Reports, 14, 18340 (2024). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-69031-0 
89. Azimi, G., Chan, K.H., “A review of contemporary and emerging recycling methods for lithium-ion batteries with a focus on NMC cathodes,” Resources, Conservation, and Recycling, 209, 107825 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107825
88. Ding, L.*, Azimi, G., “Impact of particle size and associated minerals on rare earth desorption and incorporation mechanisms in a South American ion-adsorption clay,” Scientific Reports,14,  16216I (2024). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-67134-2
87. Ding, L.*, Azimi, G., “Mathematical Modeling of Rare Earth Element Separation in Electrodialysis: Utilizing Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid as a Chelating Agent in a Configuration with Two Adjacent Anion Exchange Membranes,” Scientific Reports, 14, 12240, (2024). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-62885-4
86. Paeng, J.*, Judge, W.D.*, Azimi, G., “Electrorefining for Copper Tramp Element Removal from Molten Iron for Green Steelmaking,” Resources, Conservation, and Recycling, 206, 107654 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107654
85. Liu, H.*, Malik, M.*, Choi, K., Azimi, G., “Separation of magnesium impurity from nickel and cobalt mixtures using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and temperature optimization,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 63, 5542–5556 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.3c04671
84. Grindal, A.*, Azimi, G., “Reversible growth of solid electrolyte interface enhances charge capacity in cobalt sulfide-carbon nanotube anodes,” Electrochimica Acta, 475, 143705 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2023.143705
83. Cunningham, S.*, Etherington-Rivas, M.*, Azimi, G., " Solubility of neodymium and dysprosium sulfates at different pH and temperature and the effect of yttrium sulfate, sodium sulfate, and ammonium sulfate mixtures: Strengthening the predictive capacities of the OLI software," Hydrometallurgy, 224,  106253 (2024).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2023.106253
82. Azimi, G., Ding, L.*, Mosadeghsedghi, S., Dashtban Kenari, L., Baghbanzadeh, M., Volchek, K., “Separation of rare earth elements using chelating agent-assisted electrodialysis: Phenomenological modeling and comparison with experimental data,” Hydrometallurgy, 224, 106252 (2024).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2023.106252
81. Moldoveanu, G.A., Kolliopoulos, G., Judge, W.D.*, Ng, K.L.*, Azimi, G., Papangelakis, V.G., “Solubilities of individual light rare earth sulphates (lanthanum to europium) in water and H2SO4 solutions (neodymium sulphate),” Hydrometallurgy, 106194 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2023.106194
80. Choi, K.*, Azimi, G., “Crystallization of nickel sulfate and its purification process: towards efficient production of nickel-rich cathode material for lithium-ion battery,” RSC Advances, 13, 28501–28512 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA04280D
79. Ebrahimi, E., Kordloo, M., Khodadadmahmoudi, G., Rezaei, A., Ganjali, M., Azimi, G., “Solvometallurgical recycling of spent LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) cathode material using ternary choline chloride-ethylene glycol-p-toluenesulfonic acid deep eutectic solvent,” Hydrometallurgy, 222, 106184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2023.106184.
78. Ding, L.*, Azimi, G., “Separation of heavy (dysprosium) and light (praseodymium, neodymium) rare earth elements using electrodialysis,” Hydrometallurgy, 106167 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2023.106167
77. Azimi, G., Sauber, M.E., Zhang, J.*, “Technoeconomic analysis of supercritical fluid extraction process for recovery of rare earth elements from neodymium iron boron magnet and fluorescent lamp phosphor,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 138526 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138526
76. Chan, K.H.*, Malik, M.*, Azimi, G., “Direct recycling of degraded lithium-ion batteries of an electric vehicle using hydrothermal relithiation,” Materials Today Energy, 37, 101374 (2023).
75. Zhang, R.*, Azimi, G., “Separation of praseodymium and neodymium from heavy rare earth elements using extractant-impregnated surfaces loaded with 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid-mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (PC88A),” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 62, 13117–13132 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.3c01547
74. Kim, J.*, Liu, H.*, Azimi, G., “A comparative study of thermodynamic modeling and experimental measurement of precipitation titration curves for single- and multi-component sulfate systems,” Hydrometallurgy, 219, 106080 (2023). 
73. Zhang, J.*, Chen, N., Morozova, V., Voznyy, O., Azimi, G., “Investigating metal–tributyl phosphate complexes during supercritical fluid extraction of NdFeB magnet using density functional theory and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Inorganic Chemistry, (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04508
72. Judge, W.D.*, Ng, K.L.*, Moldoveanu, G.A., Kolliopoulos, G., Papangelakis, V.G., Azimi, G., “Solubilities of heavy rare earth sulfates in water (gadolinium to lutetium) and H2SO4 solutions (dysprosium),” Hydrometallurgy, 106054 (2023).
71. Chan, K.H.*, Liu, H.*, Azimi, G., “Synthesis of nickel rich LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 cathode material utilizing supercritical carbonation process,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04487
70. Zhang, R.*, Khan, S.*, Azimi, G., “Microstructured silicon substrates impregnated with bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid for selective scandium recovery,” Applied Surface Science, 622, 15 June 156852 (2023).
69. Liu, H.*, Chan, K.H.*, Malik, M.*, Azimi, G., “Synthesis of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 using supercritical carbon dioxide as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries,” ChemElectroChem, e202201126 (2022) (Featured on the Cover).
68. Anawati, J.*, Azimi, G., “Extraction of rare earth elements from a South American ionic clay,” Journal of Rare Earths, 49, 1408–1418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jre.2022.10.007
67. Semeniuk, M., Ng, K.L.*, Wang, Y.*, Tjong, J., Oksman, K., Lu, Z.H., Azimi, G., Sain, M., “Design and fabrication of low-cost renewable carbon electrode materials and their thermo-kinetics for sustainable energy storage applications,” Materials Today Sustainability, 20, 100245 (2022).
66. Anawati, J.*, Kim, J.*, Azimi, G., “Separation of rare earth elements from a South American ionic clay lixivium by sequential precipitation,” Hydrometallurgy, 213, 105946 (2022).
65. Zhang, K.*, Azimi, G., “Recycling of lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese from end-of-life lithium-ion battery of an electric vehicle using supercritical carbon dioxide,“ Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 187, 106628, (2022).
64. Malik, M.*, Chan, K.H.*, Azimi, G., “Review on synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical performance of LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2(NMC) cathode using various synthesis methods,” Materials Today Energy, 28, 101066 (2022).
63. Ng, K.L.*, Shu, K.*, Azimi, G., “A rechargeable Mg|O2 battery,” IScience, 25, 104711 (2022).
62. Wang, Y.*, Ng, K.L.*, Azimi, G., “An aluminum-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b’]dithiophene-4,8-dione organic rechargeable battery featuring low self-discharge,” Batteries and Supercaps, e202200182 (2022).
 61. Kim, J.*, Azimi, G., “Selective precipitation of titanium, magnesium, and aluminum from the steelmaking slag leach liquor,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 180, 106177 (2022).
60. Judge, W.D.*, Paeng, J.*, Azimi, G., “Electrochemical study on molten iron-carbon in slag and decarburization by slag/metal reaction,” Electrochimica Acta, 406, 139801 (2022).
59. Ng., K.L.*, Amrithraj, B.*, Azimi, G., “Concepts and electrochemical mechanisms of nonaqueous rechargeable aluminum batteries,” Joule, 6, 1–37 (2022).
58. Wang, Y.*, Ng, K.L.*, Dong, T.*, Azimi, G., “Investigating intercalation mechanism of manganese oxide electrode in aqueous aluminum electrolyte,” Electrochimica Acta, 405, 139808 (2022).
57. Zhang, K.*, Anawati, J.*, Azimi, G., “Urban Mining of terbium, europium, and yttrium from real fluorescent lamp waste using supercritical fluid extraction: process development and mechanistic investigation,“ Waste Management, 139, 168–178 (2022).
56. Li, S.*, Malik, M.*, Azimi, G., “Extraction of rare earth elements from phosphogypsum using mineral acids and mechanistic investigation for leaching process,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03576
55. Liu, H.*, Azimi, G., “Production of battery grade lithium hydroxide monohydrate using barium hydroxide causticizing agent,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 179, 106115 (2022).
54. Anawati, J.*, Azimi, G., “Integrated carbothermic smelting – acid baking – water leaching process for extraction of scandium, aluminum, and iron from bauxite residue,“ Journal of Cleaner Production, 330, 129905 (2022)  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129905
53. Chan, K.H.*, Malik, M.*, Azimi, G., “Separation of lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese from waste lithium-ion batteries using electrodialysis,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 178, 106076 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106076
52. Judge, W.D.*, Paeng, J.*, Azimi, G., “Influence of carbon on electrochemical characteristics of the molten iron/slag interface,” Electrochimica Acta, 402, 139565 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139565
51. Judge, W.D.*, Paeng, J.*, Azimi, G., “Electrorefining for direct decarburization of molten iron,” Nature Materials, (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-021-01106-z) 
50. Malik, M*, Chan, K.H,*, Azimi, G.*, “Quantification of nickel, cobalt, and manganese concentration using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy,” RSC Advances, 11, 28014–28028 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA03962H
49. Kim, J.*, Azimi, G., “The CO2 sequestration by supercritical carbonation of electric arc furnace slag,” Journal of CO2 Utilization, 52, 101667 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101667
48. Judge, W.D.*, Paeng, J.*, Azimi, G., “Electrochemical characteristics of molten iron electrodes in slag and electrochemical properties of their interface,” Electrochimica Acta, 389, 138755 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138755
47. Kim, J.*, Azimi, G., “Carbothermic Reduction Followed by Acid Baking – Water Leaching for the Valorization of Electric Arc Furnace Slag,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 173, 105710 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105710
46. Ng, K.L.*, Lu, Z., Wang, Y.*, Singh, C.V., Azimi, G., “Fundamental investigations of factors affecting the electrochemical stability window, transference number, and conductivity of Lewis acidic chloroaluminate ionic liquids used in aluminum-ion batteries,” Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 125, 28, 15145–15154 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c02415 
45. Dong, T.*, Ng, K.L.*, Wang, Y.*, Voznyy, O., Azimi, G., “Solid electrolyte interphase engineering for aqueous aluminum metal batteries: a critical evaluation,” Advanced Energy Materials, 11, 20, 2100077, (2021) https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202100077
44. Chan, K.H.*, Anawati, J.*, Malik, M.*, Azimi, G., “Recovery of lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese from waste lithium-ion battery of electric vehicles,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 9, 12, 4398–4410 (2021) (Featured on the Cover of the Journal).  https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c06869
43. Sun, H. K.*, Azimi, G., Zou, Y., “Selective laser melting of maraging steels using recycled powders: a comprehensive microstructural and mechanical investigation,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 52, 1714–1722 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06180-1
42. Kunanusont, N., Zhang, J., Watada, K., Shimoyama, Y., Azimi, G., “Effect of organophosphorus ligands on supercritical extraction of neodymium from NdFeB magnet,” Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 170, 105128 (2021)  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2020.105128
41. Liu, H. , Azimi, G., “Process analysis and study of factors affecting the lithium carbonate crystallization from sulfate media during lithium extraction,” Hydrometallurgy, 199, 105532 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2020.105532
40. Anawati, J., Azimi, G., “Recovery and separation of phosphorus as dicalcium phosphate dihydrate for fertilizer and livestock feed additive production from a low-grade phosphate ore,” RSC Adv. 10, 38640–38653 (2020) DOI: 10.1039/D0RA07210A
39. Zhang, R., Azimi, G., “Scale-phobic surfaces made of rare earth oxide ceramics,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 12, 42339–42347 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c11353
38. Kim, J.*, Azimi, G., “Recovery of scandium and neodymium from blast furnace slag using acid baking–water leaching,” RSC Adv.,10, 105203, 31936–31946 (2020). DOI: 10.1039/D0RA05797E
37. Judge, W.D.*, Azimi, G., “Recent progress in impurity removal during rare earth element processing: A review”, Hydrometallurgy, 196, 105435, (2020).  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2020.105435
36. Malik, M.*, Ng, K.L.*, Azimi, G., “Physicochemical characterization of AlCl3-Urea ionic liquid analogs: Speciation, conductivity, and electrochemical stability,” Electrochimica Acta, 354, 136708 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136708  
35. Ng, K.L., Dong, T.Z., Anawati, J., Azimi, G., “High-performance aluminum ion battery using cost-effective AlCl3-trimethylamine hydrochloride ionic liquid electrolyte,” Adv. Sustainable Syst. 2000074 (1–12) (2020).  https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202000074, Featured on the Cover...
34. Kim, J., Azimi, G., “Technospheric mining of niobium and titanium from electric arc furnace slag,” Hydrometallurgy, 191, 105201 1–10 (2020).  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2019.105203.
33. Kim, J., Azimi, G., “An innovative process for extracting scandium from nickeliferous laterite ore: Carbothermic reduction followed by NaOH cracking,” Hydrometallurgy, 191, 105194, 1–11 (2020).  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2019.105194.
32. Ng, K.L., Malik, M., Buch, E., Glossmann, T., Hintennach, A., Azimi, G., “A low-cost rechargeable aluminum/natural graphite battery utilizing urea-based ionic liquid analog,” Electrochimica Acta, Volume 327, 135031, 1–11 (2019).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135031.
 31. Yao, Y., Chau, E., Azimi, G., “Supercritical fluid extraction for purification of waxes derived from polyethylene and polypropylene plastics,” Waste Management,97, 131–139 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.08.003.
30. Maag, A.R., Tompsett, G.A., Tam, J., Ang, C.A., Azimi, G., Carl, A.D., Huang, X., Smith, L.J.,  Grimm, R.L., Bond, J.Q.,  Timko, M.T., “ZSM-5 decrystallization and dealumination in hot liquid water,” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, (2019), DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01490j.
 29. Anawati, J., Azimi, G., “Recovery of scandium from Canadian bauxite residue utilizing acid baking followed by water leaching,” Waste Management,95, 549–559, (2019). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.044.
28. Zhang, J., Anawati, J., Yao, Y., Azimi, G.,“Aerio-metallurgical extraction of rare earth elements from NdFeB magnets utilizing supercritical fluids,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 6, 16713-16725 (2018). doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03992.
27. Anawati, J., Lambert, A., Walawalkar, M., Tam, J., Azimi, G., “Innovative application of microwave treatment for recovering of rare earth elements from phosphogypsum,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 6, 16471-16481 (2018) doi:1021/acssuschemeng.8b03588. Featured article on the Cover…
26. Kim, J., Anawati, J., Azimi, G., “Matrix complexity effect on platinum group metals analysis using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry,” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry,33, 1310-1321 (2018). doi:10.1039/C8JA00158H. Featured article on the Cover…
25. Shahini, S., Judge, W.D., Tam, J., Azimi, G., “Design, fabrication, and characterization of porous yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramics for hot gas filtration applications,” Advanced Engineering Materials, 1700941, 1-10 (2018). doi:10.1002/adem.201700941. Featured article on the Cover…
24. Yao, Y., Farac, N.F., and Azimi, G., “Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Nickel Metal Hydride Battery,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 6, 1417-1426 (2018). doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03803.
23. Tam, J., Palumbo, G., Erb, U., and Azimi, G., “Robust Hydrophobic Rare Earth Oxide Composite Electrodeposits,” Advanced Materials Interfaces 4, 1700850 (1-11) (2017), doi: 10.1002/admi.201700850.
22. Reid, S., Tam, J., Yang, M., and Azimi, G., “Technospheric Mining of Rare Earth Elements from Bauxite Residue (Red Mud): Process Optimization, Kinetic Investigation, and Microwave Pretreatment,” Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 15252 (2017), doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15457-8.
21. Ang, C.A., Zhang, F., and Azimi, G., “Waste Valorization Process: Sulfur Removal and Hematite Recovery from High Pressure Acid Leach Residue for Steelmaking,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering 5, 8416-8423 (2017). doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02245.
20. Judge, W.D., and Azimi, G., “Thermodynamic Investigation of the Reduction-Distillation Process for Rare Earth Metals Production,” JOM 69, 1987-1991 (2017). doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-017-2473-9.
19. Judge W. D., Allanore A., Sadoway D. R., and Azimi G., “E-logpO2 Diagrams for Ironmaking by Molten Oxide Electrolysis.” Electrochimica Acta 247, 1088-1094 (2017). doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.07.059.
18. Walawalkar, M., Nichol, C., and Azimi, G., “An Innovative Process for the Recovery of Consumed Acid in Rare-Earth Elements Leaching from Phosphogypsum,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 55, 12309−12316 (2016). doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b03357.
17. Walawalkar, M., Nichol, C., Azimi, G., “Process investigation of the acid leaching of rare earth elements from phosphogypsum using HCl, HNO3, and H2SO4”, Hydrometallurgy, 166, 195-204 (2016) doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2016.06.008.
16. Cai, Y., Coyle, T. W., Azimi, G., Mostaghimi, J, “Superhydrophobic Ceramic Coatings by Solution Precursor Plasma Spray” , Nature Scientific Reports, 6, 24670 (2016).
15. Stoerzinger,  K. A., Hong, W. T., Azimi, G., Giordano, L., Lee, Y.-L., Crumlin, E. J., Biegalski, M. D., Bluhm, H, Varanasi, K. K. & Shao-Horn, Y. “Reactivity of Perovskites with Water: Role of Hydroxylation in Wetting and Implications for Oxygen Electrocatalysis“, Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 19, 18504–18512 (2015).
14. Khan, S. Azimi, G., Yildiz, B. & Varanasi, K.K. “Role of surface oxygen-to-metal ratio on the wettability of rare-earth oxides,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 106, 061601 (2015).
13. Azimi, G., Kwon, H. & Varanasi, K.K. “Superhydrophobic surfaces by laser ablation of rare-earth oxide ceramics,” MRS Communications, 4, 95-99 (2014).
12. Azimi, G., Cui, Y., Sabanska, A. & Varanasi, K.K. “Scale-resistant surfaces: fundamental studies of the effect of surface energy on reducing scale formation,” Applied Surface Science, 313, 591-599 (2014).
11. Subramanyam, S.B., Azimi, G. & Varanasi, K.K. “Designing lubricant-impregnated textured surfaces to resist scale formation,” Advanced Materials Interfaces, 1, 1–6 (2014).
10. Ates, A., Azimi, G., Choi, K.H., Green, W.H. & Timko, M.T. “The role of catalyst in supercritical water desulfurization,” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 147, 144–155 (2014).
9. Azimi, G., Dhiman, R., Kwon, H.M., Paxson, A.T. & Varanasi, K.K. “Hydrophobicity of rare-earth oxide ceramics,” Nature Materials, 12, 315–320 (2013).
8. Azimi, G. & Papangelakis, V.G. “Mechanism and kinetics of gypsum-anhydrite transformation in aqueous electrolyte solutions,” Hydrometallurgy, 108, 122–129 (2011).
7. Azimi, G. & Papangelakis V.G. “The solubility of gypsum and anhydrite in simulated laterite pressure acid leach solutions up to 250°C,” Hydrometallurgy, 102, 1–13 (2010).
6. Azimi, G., Papangelakis, V.G. & Dutrizac, J.E. “Development of a chemical model for the solubility of calcium sulphate in zinc processing solutions,” Can. Metall. Quart. 49, 1–8 (2010).
5. Azimi, G. & Papangelakis, V.G. “Thermodynamic modeling and experimental measurement of calcium sulphate in complex aqueous solutions,” Fluid Phase Equilibria, 290, 88–94 (2010).
4. Azimi, G., Papangelakis, V.G. & Dutrizac, J.E. “Development of an MSE-based chemical model for the solubility of calcium sulphate in mixed chloride–sulphate solutions,” Fluid Phase Equilibria, 266, 172–186 (2008).
3. Azimi, G., Papangelakis, V.G. & Dutrizac, J.E. “Modeling of calcium sulphate solubility in concentrated multi-component sulphate solutions,” Fluid Phase Equilibria, 260, 300–315 (2007).
2. Seyfkar, N., Azimi, G., Ghotbi, C. & Taghikhani, V. “Application of non‑primitive MSA-based models in predicting the activity and osmotic coefficients of aqueous electrolyte solutions,” Fluid Phase Equilibria, 221, 189–196 (2004).
1. Ghotbi, C., Azimi, G., Taghikhani, V. & Vera J.H. “On the correlation of the activity coefficients in aqueous electrolyte solutions using the K-MSA model,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42, 1279–1284 (2003).

Refereed Conference Publications
53. Azimi, G., Ding, L.*, “Separation of rare earth elements using electrodialysis,” In: Hydrometallurgy 2023 Proceeding, 2023.
52. Azimi, G., Ding, L.*, Anawati, J.*, “Rare earth elements extraction from an ionic clay from South America,“ Rare Metal Technology 2023. in (eds. Ouchi, T. et al.) 3–13 (Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023).
51. Anawati, J.*, Zhang, R.*, Azimi., G., “Recovery of scandium and iron from bauxite residue by carbothermic smelting, acid baking – water leaching, and solid–liquid extraction,” In the Proceedings of the 40th ICSOBA conference, pp 853–863, October 10–14, 2022. 
50. Malik, M.*, Ng, K.L.*, Azimi, G., “Characterization of AlCl3-urea electrolyte for speciation, conductivity, and electrochemical stability and its application in Al-ion batteries,” In TMS2022 Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings, Springer International Publishing, 2022.
49. Malik, M.*, Chan, K.H.*, Azimi, G., “Real time quantification of nickel, cobalt, manganese, and lithium concentration using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy- a feasibility study,” In TMS2022 Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings, Springer International Publishing, 2022.
48. Zhang, J.*, Azimi, G., “Recovery of terbium, europium, and yttrium from waste fluorescent lamp using supercritical fluid extraction,” In: Ouchi, T. et al. (eds) Rare Metal Technology 2022. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham, 2022.
47. Zhang, J.*, Kunanusont, N.*, Shimoyama, Y., Azimi, G., “Extraction of neodymium from NdFeB Magnet Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Organophosphorus Ligands,” In: Ouchi, T. et al. (eds) Rare Metal Technology 2022. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham, 2022.
46. Chan, K.H.*, Malik, M.*, Azimi, G., “An innovative separation process of spent lithium-ion battery using three-stage electrodialysis,” In: Ouchi, T. et al. (eds) Rare Metal Technology 2022. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham, 2022.
45. Li., S.*, Malik, M.*, Azimi, G., “Leaching of rare earth elements from phosphogypsum using mineral acids,” In: Ouchi, T. et al. (eds) Rare Metal Technology 2022. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham, 2022. 
44. Kim, J.*, Azimi, G., “Supercritical carbonation of steelmaking slag for the CO2 sequestration,” In TMS2022 Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings, Springer International Publishing, 2022.
43. Ng, K.L.*, Dong, T.*, Anawati, J.*, Azimi, G., “Aluminum-ion battery made of AlCl3-trimethylamine hydrochloride ionic liquid with superior performance”, In TMS 2021 150th Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings, Springer International Publishing, 2021, pp 305–315.
42. Malik, M.*, Chan, K.H.*, Azimi, G., “Effect of synthesis method on the electrochemical performance of LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2 (NMC) cathode for Li-ion batteries: a review,” In: Azimi, G. et al. (eds) Rare Metal Technology 2021. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham, 2021, pp 37–46.
42. Malik, M.*, Ng, K.L.*, Azimi, G., “Investigation of cost-effective AlCl3-urea ionic liquid analog for Al-ion batteries” In TMS 2021 150th Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings, Springer International Publishing, 2021, pp 316–328.
41. Chan, K.H.*, Malik, M.*, Azimi, G., “Recovery of valuable metals from end-of-life lithium-ion battery using electrodialysis,” In: Azimi, G. et al. (eds) Rare Metal Technology 2021. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham, 2021, pp 11–17.
40. Anawati, J.*, Azimi, G., “Recovery of scandium, iron, and aluminum from bauxite residue by carbothermic smelting followed by acid baking – water leaching,” In the Proceedings of the 38th ICSOBA conference, pp 463–465, November 16–88, 2020. (Paper BR07)
39. Zhang, R.*, Azimi, G., “Scale-phobic rare earth oxide ceramics,” In the Proceeding for Conference of Metallurgists (COM2020), October 14–15, Toronto, Canada, 2020 (Paper 810808).
38. Malik, M.*, Ng, K.L.*, Azimi, G., “Study of cost-effective AlCl3/urea ionic liquid analog for aluminum-ion batteries,” In the Proceeding for Conference of Metallurgists (COM2020), October 14–15, Toronto, Canada, 2020. (Paper 812386)
 37. Kim, J., Azimi, G., “Acid baking water leaching of electric arc furnace slag for the recovery of niobium and titanium,” In Proceeding of Processing of Critical Materials, COM Conference, Toronto, ON, Canada, August 24–27, 2020.
36. Chan, K.H., Malik, M., Anawati, J., Azimi. G., “Close-loop recycling of postconsumer lithium-ion battery of electric vehicles,” In Proceeding of Processing of Critical Materials, COM Conference, Toronto, ON, Canada, August 24–27, 2020.
34. Ng, K.L., Dong, T., Anawati, J., Azimi. G.,“ high-performance aluminum battery employing cost-effective chloroaluminate ionic liquid electrolyte,” In Proceeding of Processing of Critical Materials, COM Conference, Toronto, ON, Canada, August 24–27, 2020.
33. Lambert, A., Anawati, J., Walawalkar, M., Tam, J., Azimi, G., “Microwave pretreatment of phosphogypsum for extraction of rare earth elements,” In Proceeding of Processing of Critical Materials, COM Conference, Toronto, ON, Canada, August 24–27, 2020.
32. Anawati, J., Azimi. G.,“Recovery of scandium and iron from bauxite residue,” In Proceeding of Processing of Critical Materials, COM Conference, Toronto, ON, Canada, August 24–27, 2020.
31. Zhang, J., Anawati, J., Azimi. G.,“Recycling of rare earth elements from waste fluorescent lamps utilizing supercritical fluid extraction,” In Proceeding of Processing of Critical Materials, COM Conference, Toronto, ON, Canada, August 24–27, 2020.
30. Zhang, R., Azimi, G., “Scale-phobic rare earth oxide ceramics,” In Proceeding of Processing of Critical Materials, COM Conference, Toronto, ON, Canada, August 24–27, 2020.
29. Malik, M., Ng, K.L., Azimi, G., “Study of cost-effective AlCl3/urea ionic liquid analog for aluminum-ion batteries,” In Proceeding of Processing of Critical Materials, COM Conference, Toronto, ON, Canada, August 24–27, 2020.
28. Azimi, G., Lambert, A., Zhang, J., Watada, K., “Fluid extraction of rare earth elements from Avalon concentrate,” In Proceeding of Processing of Critical Materials, COM Conference, Toronto, ON, Canada, August 24–27, 2020.
27. Anawati, J., Azimi, G., “Recovery of strategic materials from Canadian bauxite residue by smelting followed by acid baking – water leaching,” In: Azimi, G. et al. (eds) Rare Metal Technology 2020. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham, 2020, pp 139–151.
26. Anawati, J., Yuan, R., Kim, J., Azimi, G., “Selective Recovery of scandium from nickel laterite ore by acid roasting - water leaching,” In: Azimi, G. et al. (eds) Rare Metal Technology 2020. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham, 2020, pp 77–87.
24. Liu, H., Azimi, G., “Developing innovative and sustainable processes for lithium primary extraction,” In: Azimi, G. et al. (eds) Rare Metal Technology 2020. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham, 2020, pp 11–23.
23. Chan, K.H., Malik, M., Anawati, J., Azimi, G., “Recycling of end-of-life lithium-ion battery of electric vehicles,” In: Azimi, G. et al. (eds) Rare Metal Technology 2020. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham, 2020, pp 23–33.
22. Kim, J., Azimi, G., “An innovative process for extracting scandium from nickeliferous laterite ore,” In: Azimi, G. et al. (eds) Rare Metal Technology 2020. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham, 2020, pp 129–139.
21. Zhang, J., Azimi, G., “Supercritical fluid extraction of rare earth elements from waste fluorescent lamp,” In: Azimi, G. et al. (eds) Rare Metal Technology 2020. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham, 2020, pp 93–107.
20. Zhang, J., Watada, K., Sauber, M.E., Azimi, G., “Supercritical fluid extraction of rare earth elements from a Canadian ore,” In: Azimi, G. et al. (eds) Rare Metal Technology 2020. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham, 2020, pp 107–119.
19. Judge, W.D., Azimi, G., “Thermodynamic and kinetic modelling of molten oxide electrolysis cells,” In Molten 2020, TMS Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, March 23-27, 2020.
18. Anawati, J., Azimi, G., “Valorization of Canadian bauxite residue for the recovery of strategic materials,” In Proceedings of the 37th International ICSOBA Conference, 2019, 509–519. 
17. Anawati J., Azimi G. “Technospheric mining of rare earth elements and refractory metals from bauxite residue,” In: Chesonis C. (eds) Light Metals 2019. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham, 2019, pp 101–105.
16. Zhang, J., Anawati, J., Yao, Y., Azimi, G. “Supercritical fluid extraction for urban mining of rare earth elements,” In: Azimi, G. et al. (eds) Rare Metal Technology 2019. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham, 2019, pp 63–72. 
15. Anawati, J., Azimi, G., “Recovery of rare earth elements and refractory metals from bauxite residue,” In Proceedings of the 36th International ICSOBA Conference, 2018, 449-457.
14. Ng, K. L., Malik, M., Azimi, G., “A New generation of rechargeable aluminum ion battery technology,” ECS Trans. (2018) 85(13) 199-206.
13. Yao, Y., Farac, N. F., Azimi, G., “Recycling of rare earth element from nickel metal hydride battery utilizing supercritical fluid extraction,” ECS Trans. (2018) 85(13) 405-415.
12. Judge, W.D., Azimi, G., “Electrochemical behaviour of iron in molten oxides,” ECS Trans. (2018) 85(4) 91-102.
11. Anawati, J., Reid, S.,Azimi, G., “Innovative and sustainable valorization process to recover scandium and rare earth elements from Canadian bauxite residues,” The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2018, B. Davis et al. (eds.), Extraction 2018, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 2715-2722.
10. Yao, Y., Zhang, J., Anawati, J., Azimi, G., “Supercritical fluid extraction of rare earth elements from NiMH battery,” The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2018, B. Davis et al. (eds.), Extraction 2018, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 2329-2334.
9. Zhang, J., Zhang, F., Azimi, G., “Efficient recovery of neodymium from neodymium-iron-boron magnet,” 2018, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2018, B. Davis et al. (eds.), Extraction 2018, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 2018. 2609-2616.
8. Anawati, J., Reid, S., Azimi, G., “An innovative and sustainable valorisation process to recover rare earth elements from Canadian bauxite residue – synthetic oxalate precipitation study,” 2018, Y. Pontikes (ed.) In Proceedings of the 2nd International Bauxite Residue Valorisation and Best Practices Conference BR2018, 393-399.
7. Tam, J.,  Erb, U., Azimi, G., “Non-Wetting Nickel-Cerium Oxide Composite Coatings with Remarkable Wear Stability,” MRS Advances (2018),
6. Lambert, A., Tam, J., and Azimi, G. “Microwave Treatment for Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Phosphogypsum,” The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, Kim et al. (Eds): Rare Metal Technology 2017, Chapter 5, 1-7, 2017.
5. Walawalkar, M., Nichol, C., Azimi, G., “Leaching of rare earth elements from phosphogypsum (by-product of phosphate fertilizer production)”, In: COM2016, Rare Earth ElementsSymposium, Quebec City, QC, Sep. 11-15, 2016.
4. Walawalkar, M., Nichol, C., Azimi, G., “Sustainable processing of phosphogypsum waste stream for the recovery of valuable rare earth elements”, In: TMS2016, REWAS 2016: Enabling Sustainability through Materials Processing and Waste Valorization Symposium, Nashville, TN, Feb. 14-18, 2016.
3. Azimi, G., Dhiman, R., Kwon, H.M., Paxson, A.T. & Varanasi, K.K. “Non-wetting rare-earth oxide ceramics with applications to sustained hydrophobicity”, In: COM 2014, Symposium: Rare Earth Elements (REE) Extraction, Processing, Separation and Economics, Vancouver, BC, Sep. 28 – Oct. 1, 2014.
2. Azimi, G. & Papangelakis, V.G. “Chemical modeling of calcium sulphate phase equilibria in multicomponent electrolyte solutions,” In: AIChE Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, Nov. 16-21, 2008.
1. Azimi, G., Adams, J.F., Jones, M., Liu, H. & Papangelakis, V.G. “Chemical modeling of calcium sulphate solubility in hydrometallurgical process solutions,” In: Sohn International Symposium, Advanced Processing of Metals and Materials, TMS, San Diego, CA, vol.3, pp. 416–426, Mar. 12-16, 2006.
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